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	<title>爱凡.摘</title>
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	<description>爱凡的阅读记录</description>
	<pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:46:45 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>[转帖]年终奖年底双薪合并计税 算算怎样缴税划算</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/09/03/%e8%bd%ac%e5%b8%96%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96%e5%b9%b4%e5%ba%95%e5%8f%8c%e8%96%aa%e5%90%88%e5%b9%b6%e8%ae%a1%e7%a8%8e-%e7%ae%97%e7%ae%97%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e7%bc%b4%e7%a8%8e%e5%88%92%e7%ae%97/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:46:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>pianoer</dc:creator>
		
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&#160;
年终奖、年底双薪的单独计税法取消，那么对于我们平时拿工资的人来说，到底是多缴税了还是少缴税了呢？现在给大家详细算一算。
我们国家的个人所得税使用的是9级超额累进税率，具体征收办法是，税前工资-五险一金-2000元得到应纳税所得额，应纳税所得额对应下表相对应的税率，为了避免高级税率纳税后实得金额小于低级税率的出现，所以应纳税所得额*税率-速算扣除数得到本月应交个人所得税。    九级超额累进税率表     每月应纳税所得额 税率 速算扣除数(元)     &#160;&#160;&#160; 1、不超过500元的， 为5% 0     &#160;&#160;&#160; 2、超过500元至2000元的， 为10% 25     &#160;&#160;&#160; 3、超过2000元至5000元的， 为15% 125     &#160;&#160;&#160; 4、超过5000元至20000元的， 为20% 375     &#160;&#160;&#160; 5、超过20000元至40000元的， 为25% 1375    [...]]]></description>
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<p>&#160;</p>
<p>年终奖、年底双薪的单独计税法取消，那么对于我们平时拿工资的人来说，到底是多缴税了还是少缴税了呢？现在给大家详细算一算。</p>
<p>我们国家的个人所得税使用的是9级超额累进税率，具体征收办法是，税前工资-五险一金-2000元得到应纳税所得额，应纳税所得额对应下表相对应的税率，为了避免高级税率纳税后实得金额小于低级税率的出现，所以应纳税所得额*税率-速算扣除数得到本月应交个人所得税。   <br /><strong> 九级超额累进税率表</strong><strong> </strong>    <br />每月应纳税所得额 税率 速算扣除数(元)     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 1、不超过500元的， 为5% 0     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 2、超过500元至2000元的， 为10% 25     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 3、超过2000元至5000元的， 为15% 125     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 4、超过5000元至20000元的， 为20% 375     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 5、超过20000元至40000元的， 为25% 1375     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 6、超过40000元至60000元的， 为30% 3375     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 7、超过60000元至80000元的， 为35% 6375     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 8、超过80000元至100000的， 为40% 10375     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 9、超过100000元的， 为45% 15375     <br />我们国家的年终奖，年底双薪采用单独的计税法：    <br />个人取得全年一次性奖金或年终加薪，目前以两种情况计算缴纳个人所得税：其一，个人取得全年一次性奖金且获取奖金当月个人的工资、薪金所得高于(或等于)税法规定的费用扣除额的，以全年一次性奖金总额除以12个月，按其商数对照工资、薪金所得项目“九级税率表”，确定适用税率和对应的速算扣除数，计算缴纳个人所得税。计算公式：应纳个人所得税税额=个人当月取得的全年一次性奖金×适用税率—速算扣除数(注意这里只减一个速算扣除数，而不是减12个)；    <br />其二(这种情况很少出现)，个人取得全年一次性奖金且获取奖金当月个人的工资、薪金所得低于税法规定的费用扣除额的，用全年一次性奖金减去“个人当月工资、薪金所得与费用扣除额的差额”后的余额除以12个月，按其商数对照工资、薪金所得项目“九级税率表”，确定适用税率和对应的速算扣除数，计算缴纳个人所得税。计算公式：应纳个人所得税税额=(个人当月取得全年一次性奖金-个人当月工资、薪金所得与费用扣除额的差额)×适用税率—速算扣除数。    <br />看到这里可能大家都糊涂了，其实简单算一下就知道了    <br />假设张某每月税前收入(已扣除五险一金及其他税前扣除项目)6000元，年终奖为18000元，按照以前的计税规则：    <br />每月缴税：(6000-2000)*15%-125=475元，全年共纳税475*12=5700元    <br />说明：每月收入6000-2000为应纳税所得额，对应税率为15%速算扣除数125，最后得到每月纳税额475元    <br />年终奖缴税：18000*10%-25=1775元    <br />说明：年终奖金额18000/12=1500 对应的税率是10%，乘以税率减一个速算扣除数，应当缴税1775元。    <br />一年共缴税：7475元    <br />那么是不是说年终奖就一定节税呢？未必    <br />比如某人月收入2400元，年终奖为：61200元，虽然每年的税前收入是一样的，都是90000元，但是，他的工资需要纳税：(2400-2000)*10%-25=15元，年缴税：180元，年终奖61200元纳税：61200*20%-375=11865元，一年一共纳税12045元    <br />两者相差4570元。    <br />可以看出，当年终奖纳税的税率低于工资薪金的税率时，会获得税率优惠，当年终奖纳税的税率高于工资薪金的税率时，则会多缴税。可见年终奖也未必能够避税。    <br />年终奖征税办法取消后是不是一定亏损呢？由于没有出台细则，我们分两种情况考虑。    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 1、 年终奖按照单独一个月的工资进行扣税。    <br />还是如上面的第一种情况张某每月税前收入(已扣除五险一金及其他税前扣除项目)6000元，年终奖为18000元，则年终奖按照一个月的工资，需要扣除2000元之后再进行计算 应纳税：(18000-2000)*20%-375=2825元，全年纳税8525元    <br />2、 年终奖与最后一个月的工资合并计税：这样因为只能扣除2000元，所以如上面张某的情况，应纳税：(18000+6000-2000)*25%-1375=4125元。全年纳税：9825     <br />可见这种情况下税负明显升高    <br />但是还有一种情况，假设张某每月工资7250元，年终奖为3000元，税前年收入仍然是90000元，需要缴税    <br />工资收入：(7250-2000)*20%-375=675元，全年缴税：8100元    <br />年终奖缴税：3000*5%=150元    <br />共缴税：8250元    <br />按照新规定的第一种情况，年终奖缴税：(3000-2000)*5%=50元    <br />共缴税：8150元    <br />所以这种情况下，新规定反而能够节税。    <br />但如果是合并到某个月的工资里来计算的话，因为是采用超额累进税率的，单月的收入越高缴税越多，所以税负都比以前重。    <br />综上：取消年终奖后大部分情况税负都比原来要重了，除非你的年终奖特别少而月收入特别高的情况下才会有节税效果。    <br /><strong> 其他节税避税的方法：</strong><strong> </strong>    <br />年终奖缴税多了，那有没有其他节税避税的方法呢？    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 1、通过住房补贴来避税    <br />根据规定：房价收入比在4倍以上地区，企业按市(县)政府制定并报经省级政府批准的标准，对无房和住房面积未达规定标准职工支付的住房提租补贴和住房困难补贴，可在税前扣除。    <br />企业按月发给无房职工和停止实物分房以后参加工作的新职工的住房补贴资金，可在税前扣除。 在和企业签订劳动合同时，可以约定，企业给你提供月租金为2000元的住房一套，这样你这2000元就可以税前扣除了。    <br />2、合同直接约定    <br />牛人可以在合同里直接约定，在某企业工作的税后月工资(或年薪)为多少钱，这样你就不用考虑税收问题了，但是这样约定对企业来讲这部支出的个人所得税不能作为企业所得税税前扣除，也就是说会被重复征税，企业一般不会同意。    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 3、交通费通信费    <br />根据规定，办公的交通费，通信费可以税前扣除，所以可以和企业把这些费用约定的高一些。但是这个一般企业的操作是走报销流程，这样就可以避税了。    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 4、其他避税方法：    <br />福利费，如果发现金要扣税，但是如果企业发购物卡什么的，一般来讲可以避税(擦边球)     <br />避税的几个误区：    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 1、公积金交的高能避税    <br />很多地区都规定，企业按照公积金缴存上限为职工缴存住房公积金，超过职工公积金缴存基数的部分，不能税前扣除，仍然需要缴纳个人所得税。    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 2、补贴高能避税    <br />一般来讲现金补贴都不能税前扣除，除了住房。    <br /><strong>投资理财方式税负及优惠汇总</strong><strong> </strong>    <br />近年来，越来越多的人们通过各种理财方式实现个人资产的保值、增值。    <br />但是对于投资理财所涉及的税收，以及优惠政策成为广大投资者的盲区，本期就为广大投资者进行详尽解读。    <br /><strong> 债券投资</strong><strong>——</strong><strong>国债、金融债券利息免税，企业债券利息征税；</strong><strong> </strong>    <br />个人取得的国债利息所得、教育存款专户利息所得，持有经国务院批准发行的金融债券而取得的利息所得，免征个人所得税。    <br />对个人持有企业债券取得的利息所得，由支付单位代扣代缴20%的个人所得税。 <strong>基金投资</strong><strong>——</strong><strong>股息红利利息免税属误解；</strong><strong> </strong>    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 1、封闭式证券投资基金；    <br />对投资者从封闭式证券投资基金分配中获得的股票的股息、红利收入以及企业债券的利息收入，由上市公司和发行债券的企业在向基金派发股息、红利、利息时代扣代缴个人所得税，基金向个人投资者分配股息、红利、利息时，不再代扣代缴个人所得税。    <br />对个人投资者从封闭式证券投资基金分配中获得的企业债券差价收入，应按税法规定对个人投资者征收20%的个人所得税，税款由基金在分配时代扣代缴。    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; 2、开放式证券投资基金。    <br />对开放式证券投资基金取得的股票的股息、红利收入，债券的利息收入、储蓄存款利息收入，由上市公司和发行债券的企业和银行在向基金支付上述收入时代扣代缴个人所得税。对投资者从开放式证券投资基金分配中取得的收入，暂不征个人所得税。    <br />以上证券投资基金从上市公司分配取得的股息红利所得，扣缴义务人在代扣代缴个人所得税时，减按50%计算应纳税所得额。    <br /><strong></strong><strong>股票投资</strong><strong>——</strong><strong>境内股票股息红利减半计税、转让免税，境外股票无优惠；</strong><strong> </strong>    <br />自2005年6月13日起，对个人投资者从在上海证券交易所、深圳证券交易所挂牌交易的上市公司取得的股息红利所得，暂减按50%计入个人应纳税所得额征税。    <br />股权分置改革中非流通股股东通过对价方式向流通股股东支付的股份、现金等收入，暂免征收流通股股东应缴纳的企业所得税和个人所得税。    <br />上市公司用股票溢价发行形成的资本公积金转增股本不属于股息、红利性质的分配，对个人取得的转增股本数额不作为个人所得，不征收个人所得税。    <br />经国务院批准，对个人转让上市公司股票取得的所得，继续免征个人所得税，但是对个人转让境外上市公司的股票而取得的所得，应按“财产转让所得”计算应纳税所得额，依法申报缴纳20%个人所得税。    <br />财产转让所得，以一次转让财产的收入额减除财产原值和合理费用后的余额，为应纳税所得额，适用20%的比例税率，个人所得税应纳税额＝应纳税所得额×适用税率。财产原值为买入价以及买入时按照规定交纳的有关费用，合理费用指卖出股票时按照规定支付的有关费用。    <br /><strong>证券交易结算资金</strong><strong>——</strong><strong>利息并非全免税；</strong>    <br />自2008年10月9日起，对证券市场个人投资者取得的证券交易结算资金利息所得，暂免征收个人所得税。但对2008年10月8日之前孳生的利息，由于证券交易结算资金利息由证券公司支付，并非属于银行储蓄存款的利息所得，因此仍要按税法规定利息所得的20%税率。    <br /><strong> 股权投资</strong><strong>——</strong><strong>股息红利、转增股本应缴税，外籍人员有优惠。</strong><strong> </strong>    <br />股份制企业分红派息，对个人投资者取得的股息、红利所得，按20%税率征收个人所得税。    <br />股份制企业用未分配利润、盈余公积金(包括从税后利润中提取的法定公积金和任意公积金)派发红股属于股息、利息性质的分配，对个人取得的红股数额应按“利息、股息、红利所得”扣缴个人所得税。    <br />股份制企业从税后利润中提取的法定公积金和任意公积金转增注册资本，实际上是将盈余公积金向股东分配了股息、红利，股东再以分得的股息、红利增加注册资本。对属于个人股东分得并再投入公司(转增注册资本)的部分应依照“利息、股息、红利所得”项目征收个人所得税，税款由股份有限公司在有关部门批准增资、公司股东会决议通过代扣代缴。    <br />股份制企业用股票溢价发行形成的资本公积金转增股本不属于股息、红利性质的分配，对个人取得的转增股本数额不作为个人所得，不征收个人所得税。 外籍个人从外商投资企业取得的股息、红利所得暂免征</p>
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		<title>Increase in bunker supply margins</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/09/02/increase-in-bunker-supply-margins/</link>
		<comments>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/09/02/increase-in-bunker-supply-margins/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2009 09:17:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>pianoer</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[未分类]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/09/02/increase-in-bunker-supply-margins/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160;
http://www.bunkerworld.com/forum/blogs/Robin-Meech/87905/Increase-in-bunker-supply-margins
26th August 2009 17:30 GMT
There is little doubt that sellers&#8217; margins have increased over the past year or so. There is evidence from the publicly available recently reported financial results of WFS, Chemoil and Aegean. There is also collaborative, anecdotal evidence from discussions with both suppliers and purchasers. 
What also is apparent is that there [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#160;</p>
<p><a title="http://www.bunkerworld.com/forum/blogs/Robin-Meech/87905/Increase-in-bunker-supply-margins" href="http://www.bunkerworld.com/forum/blogs/Robin-Meech/87905/Increase-in-bunker-supply-margins">http://www.bunkerworld.com/forum/blogs/Robin-Meech/87905/Increase-in-bunker-supply-margins</a></p>
<p>26th August 2009 17:30 GMT</p>
<p>There is little doubt that sellers&#8217; margins have increased over the past year or so. There is evidence from the publicly available recently reported financial results of WFS, Chemoil and Aegean. There is also collaborative, anecdotal evidence from discussions with both suppliers and purchasers. </p>
<p>What also is apparent is that there is no clear identification of how much the various factors are increasing margins. They will be different for different suppliers and buyers and in different types of trades. </p>
<p>When prices were sky high, over $550/tonne, suppliers were constrained on working capital - rapid receipt of funds was paramount to maintain turnover, now containing the credit risk is far more important. Most suppliers established bank terms during the period of very high prices, and most have managed to hold their positions and are under less pressure now prices are below $450. When they go up again then rapid payment will again increase in importance. </p>
<p>Credit insurance is becoming inhibitively expensive, if suppliers can find it and existing cover is constantly being reduced. The risks are becoming greater the longer rock bottom freight rates are the norm. In all sectors this situation is likely to continue for more than three years. There are more bankruptcies to come.</p>
<p>The following are being reported as reasons for an increase in suppliers&#8217; margins:</p>
<p>1. The suppliers see a riskier future - the cloud of bad debts hangs over them constantly and there is a mentality to grab profit where they can - the benefits of long term relationships are less valued. After all, the customer may not be around for the long term.</p>
<p>2. There is less competition - some market participants talked of a &#8216;cartel&#8217;. Not that anybody admits to this but although global sales are down 10% year-on-year, levels of competition are, surprisingly, lower than a year ago.&#160;&#160; </p>
<p>3. Suppliers are always trying to maintain at best, but preferably increase revenues. With tonnes sold reduced then there is greater pressure to raise margins on the deals done.</p>
<p>4. Credit terms are hardening. Twenty-one days is becoming the norm in an increasing number of markets. Purchasers are looking for longer term deals and are willing to pay for augmented credit. This increases margins, which is not, with current relatively low interest rates, a factor in increasing the supplier’s working capital very much, but represents the supplier’s perception of the cost of extending the period of the risk.</p>
<p>5. Delivery measurement is being tightened up in the larger markets - there is less scope to &#8217;steal&#8217; product and hence profit has to be made legitimately. This is a minor issue now but will grow in the future. </p>
<p>6. Supplier costs are increasing:   <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; a. Delivery of low sulphur fuel is predominately in smaller stems increasing costs and hence required margin;    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; b. Due to credit issues generally stems are more likely to be smaller - purchasers stem more frequently - although there is a lack of quantitative data on this. Also smaller stems make the per tonne cost of product testing higher;     <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; c. With more product specs with low sulphur and various distillates logistics costs are higher;    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; d. Those with credit insurance are finding it more costly to maintain cover.</p>
<p>7. Bad debt provisions are being increased as quickly as possible pushing suppliers to grab margin while they can.</p>
<p>There is something of a siege mentality - nobody can see things getting better for the purchasers - few suppliers sleep comfortably - it&#8217;s risk versus reward as always but the down side is a bankrupt customer leaving a multi-million dollar hole in the supplier&#8217;s bank balance.</p>
<p>Each supplier has a minimum margin under which he will not do business - the days of negotiating for an hour over $0.50/ton are over, at least for the foreseeable future. Buyers are more likely to be apprehensive about being accepted as a customer and more likely to agree to a deal.</p>
<p>Can values be attributed to the various reasons for larger margins? Probably not, but the credit risk issue is the most influential and critical. Few would argue with a notional average of $5/ton within a range of $2/ton to $10/ton. With the expectation of continuing very low freight incomes in most sectors, the risks can only increase.</p>
<p>The larger suppliers will prosper at the expense of the smaller companies for three reasons:   <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; - they can cope with a bad debt more comfortably;    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; - they have proportionally greater working capital reducing inhibitions of sales;    <br />&#160;&#160;&#160; - they achieve greater economies of scale on overheads, risk management and market coverage.</p>
<p>It is of note that Letters of Credit are rare in the bunker business, but the norm in cargo trading. There does not appear to be the same increase in margins in cargo trading, which is comparatively credit risk free, and which adds weight to the fact that credit risks are increasing margins by at least $5/ton.</p>
<p><strong>Robin Meech,</strong> 26th August 2009 17:30 GMT</p>
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		<title>孕妇饮食禁忌</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/07/22/%e5%ad%95%e5%a6%87%e9%a5%ae%e9%a3%9f%e7%a6%81%e5%bf%8c/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2009 09:45:54 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#160;&#160;&#160; 
&#160;&#160;&#160; 孕妇，作为特殊的人群，在日常饮食生活中，不仅要重视加强营养，适量吃些营养丰富的食物，而且对膳食结构、饮食烹调、饮食卫生以及食品选择等方面，应当注意以下“十不宜”，以利孕育健康而聪颖的小生命，有助优主。&#160;  一、不宜高脂肪饮食&#160;  大量医学研究资料证实，乳腺癌、卵巢癌和宫颈癌具有家族遗传倾向。如果孕妇长期高脂肪膳食，势必增加女儿罹患生殖系统癌瘤的危险。医学家指出，脂肪本身虽不会致癌，但长期多吃高脂肪食物，会使大肠内的胆酸和中性胆固醇浓度增加，这些物质的蓄积能诱发结肠癌。同时，高脂肪食物能增加催乳激素的合成，促使发生乳腺癌，不利母婴健康。&#160;  二、不宜高蛋自饮食     医学研究认为，蛋白质供应不足，易使孕妇体力衰弱，胎儿生长缓慢，产后恢复健康迟缓，乳计分泌稀少。故孕妇每日蛋白质的需要量应达9O－100克。但是，孕期高蛋白饮食，则可影响孕妇的食欲，增加胃肠道的负担，并影响其他营养物质摄入，使饮食营养失去平衡。研究证实，过多地摄入蛋白质，人体内可产生大量的硫化氢、组织胺等有害物质，容易引起腹胀、食欲减退、头晕、疲倦等现象。同时，蛋白质摄入过量，不仅可造成血中的氮质增高，而且也易导致胆固醇增高，加重肾脏的肾小球过滤的压力。有人认为，蛋白质谊过多地积存于人体结缔组织内，可引起组织和器宫的变性，较易使人罹患癌症。&#160;  三、不易高糖饮食&#160;  意大利比萨国家研究院的医学家们发现，血糖偏高组的孕妇生出体重过高胎儿的可能性、胎儿先天畸形的发生率、出现妊娠毒血症的机会或需要剖腹产的次数，分别是血糖偏低组孕妇的3倍、7倍和2倍。另一方面，孕妇在妊娠期肾排糖功能可有不同程度的降低，如果血糖过高则会加重孕妇的肾脏负担，不利孕期保健。大量医学研究表明，摄入过多的糖分会削弱人体的免疫力，使孕妇机体抗病力降低，易受病菌、病毒感染，不利优生。&#160;  四、不宜高钙饮食     孕妇盲目地进行高钙饮食，大量饮用牛奶，加服钙片、维生素D等，对胎儿有害无益。营养学家认为，孕妇补钙过量，胎儿有可能得高血钙症，出世后，患儿会囟门太早关闭、颚骨变宽而突出、邱粱前倾、主动脉窄缩等，既不利健康地生长发育，又有损后代的颜面健美。一般说来，孕妇在妊娠前期每日需钙量为800毫克，后期可增加到1100毫克，这并不需要特别补充，只要从日常的鱼、肉、蛋等食物中合理摄取就够了。&#160;  五、不宜过度咸食&#160;  有些孕妇由于饮食习惯嗜好咸食，尤其是北方居民较严重，多咸食。现代医学研究认为，吃盐量与高血压率发病有一定关系，食盐摄人越多，高血压病的发病率也越高。众所周知，妊娠高血压综合症是妇女在孕期才会发病的一种特殊疾病，其主要症状为浮肿、高血压和蛋白尿、严重者可伴有头痛、眼花、胸闷、晕眩等自觉症状，甚至发生子痫而危及母婴安康。因此，孕妇过度咸食，容易引发妊娠高血压综合征。为了孕期保健，专家建议每日食盐摄入量应为6克左右。&#160;  六、不宜酸性饮食     孕泪在妊娠早期可出现择食、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐等早孕症状，不少人嗜好酸性饮食。然而，联邦德国有关科学家研究发现，妊娠早期的胎儿酸度低，母体摄入的酸性药物或其它酸性物质，容易大量聚积于胎儿组织中，影响胚胎细胞的正常分裂增殖与发育生长，并易诱发遗传物质突变，导致胎儿畸形发育。妊娠后期，由于胎儿日趋发育成熟，其组织细胞内的酸碱度与母体相接近，受影响的危害性相应小些。因此，孕妇在妊娠初期大约2周时间内，不要服用酸性药物和酸性食物、酸性饮料等。&#160;  七、不宜滥服温热补品&#160;  孕妇由于周身的血液循环系统血流量明显增加，心脏负担加重，子宫颈、阴道壁和输卵管等部位的血管也处于扩张、充血状态。加上孕妇内分泌功能旺盛，分泌的醛固醇增加，容易导致水、钠潴留而产生水肿、高血压等病症。再者，孕妇由于胃酸分泌量减少，胃肠道功能减弱，会出现食欲不振、胃部胀气便秘等现象。在这种情况下，如果孕妇经常服用温热性的补药、补品，比如人参、鹿茸、鹿胎胶、鹿角胶、桂圆、荔枝、胡桃肉等，势必导致阴虚阳亢，困气机失调，气盛阴耗、血热妄行、加剧孕吐、水肿、高血压、便秘等症状，甚至发生流产或死胎等。&#160;  八、不宜食用霉变食品&#160;  当孕妇食用了被霉菌毒素污染的农副产品和食品，不仅会发生急性或慢性食物中毒，甚至可殃及胎儿。因为在妊娠早期2一3个月，胚胎着床发育，胚体细胞正处高度增殖、分化阶段，由于霉菌毒素的侵害，使染色体断裂颤或畸变，有的停止发育而发生死胎、流产，有的产生遗传性疾病或胎儿畸形，如先天性心脏病、先天性愚型等。另一方面，在胎儿期，由于各器官功能不完善，特别是肝、肾的功能十分低弱，霉菌毒素都会对胎儿产生毒性作用，影响发育。大量医学研究资料证实，霉菌毒素是一种强致癌物质，可使母胎患肝癌、胃癌等癌症。此外，母体因食品中毒而发生昏迷、呕吐等症状，极不利胎儿的正常生长发育。&#160;  九、不宜长期素食&#160;  有些孕妇为了追求孕期的体态“健美”，或由于经济条件限制，长期素食，这不利胎儿发育。据研究认为，孕期不注意营养，由于蛋白质供给不足，可使胎儿脑细胞数且减少，影响日后的智力，还可使胎儿发生畸形或营养不良。如果脂肪摄人不足，容易导致低体重胎儿的出生，婴儿抵抗力低下，存活率较低。对于孕妇来说，也可能发生贫血，水肿和高血压。日本医学家研究发现，吃素食的妇女所生的婴儿，由于缺乏维生素B12，往往会患不可逆的脑损害，婴儿出生三个月后，就逐渐显示出感情淡漠，丧失控制头部稳定的能力，出现头和腕等不自主运动，如不及时治疗，就易引起巨幼细胞性贫血活显著的神经系统损害。&#160;  十、不宜喝刺激性饮料&#160;  医学研究证实，孕妇饮酒可使酒精通过胎盘进人胎儿体内，直接对胎儿产生毒害作用，不仅使胎儿发育缓慢，而且可造成某些器官的畸形与缺陷，如小头、小眼、下巴短、脑扁平窄小、身子短，甚至发生心脏和四肢的畸形。有的胎儿出生后则表现为智力迟钝、愚顽、易生病等，甚至造成后代终身病废。而孕妇饮浓茶，由于茶中含有大量的单宁，能和食物中的蛋白质结合，变成不溶解的单宁酸盐，而且可同食物其它营养成分凝集而沉淀，影响孕妇、胎儿对蛋白质、铁、维生素的吸收利用，进而发生营养不良。茶叶中还含有多量的鞣酸，有收敛作用，影响肠道的蠕动，易使孕妇发生便秘。孕妇多饮汽水，可造成体内缺铁而贫血，不利母胎。此外，孕妇不宜多喝冷饮，多吃凉食，以防胎动不安和孕妇发生腹痛腹泻。&#160;  十一、想要孩子忌饮“可乐”&#160;  [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#160;&#160;&#160; </p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160; 孕妇，作为特殊的人群，在日常饮食生活中，不仅要重视加强营养，适量吃些营养丰富的食物，而且对膳食结构、饮食烹调、饮食卫生以及食品选择等方面，应当注意以下“十不宜”，以利孕育健康而聪颖的小生命，有助优主。&#160; <br /> 一、不宜高脂肪饮食&#160; <br /> 大量医学研究资料证实，乳腺癌、卵巢癌和宫颈癌具有家族遗传倾向。如果孕妇长期高脂肪膳食，势必增加女儿罹患生殖系统癌瘤的危险。医学家指出，脂肪本身虽不会致癌，但长期多吃高脂肪食物，会使大肠内的胆酸和中性胆固醇浓度增加，这些物质的蓄积能诱发结肠癌。同时，高脂肪食物能增加催乳激素的合成，促使发生乳腺癌，不利母婴健康。&#160; <br /> 二、不宜高蛋自饮食    <br /> 医学研究认为，蛋白质供应不足，易使孕妇体力衰弱，胎儿生长缓慢，产后恢复健康迟缓，乳计分泌稀少。故孕妇每日蛋白质的需要量应达9O－100克。但是，孕期高蛋白饮食，则可影响孕妇的食欲，增加胃肠道的负担，并影响其他营养物质摄入，使饮食营养失去平衡。研究证实，过多地摄入蛋白质，人体内可产生大量的硫化氢、组织胺等有害物质，容易引起腹胀、食欲减退、头晕、疲倦等现象。同时，蛋白质摄入过量，不仅可造成血中的氮质增高，而且也易导致胆固醇增高，加重肾脏的肾小球过滤的压力。有人认为，蛋白质谊过多地积存于人体结缔组织内，可引起组织和器宫的变性，较易使人罹患癌症。&#160; <br /> 三、不易高糖饮食&#160; <br /> 意大利比萨国家研究院的医学家们发现，血糖偏高组的孕妇生出体重过高胎儿的可能性、胎儿先天畸形的发生率、出现妊娠毒血症的机会或需要剖腹产的次数，分别是血糖偏低组孕妇的3倍、7倍和2倍。另一方面，孕妇在妊娠期肾排糖功能可有不同程度的降低，如果血糖过高则会加重孕妇的肾脏负担，不利孕期保健。大量医学研究表明，摄入过多的糖分会削弱人体的免疫力，使孕妇机体抗病力降低，易受病菌、病毒感染，不利优生。&#160; <br /> 四、不宜高钙饮食    <br /> 孕妇盲目地进行高钙饮食，大量饮用牛奶，加服钙片、维生素D等，对胎儿有害无益。营养学家认为，孕妇补钙过量，胎儿有可能得高血钙症，出世后，患儿会囟门太早关闭、颚骨变宽而突出、邱粱前倾、主动脉窄缩等，既不利健康地生长发育，又有损后代的颜面健美。一般说来，孕妇在妊娠前期每日需钙量为800毫克，后期可增加到1100毫克，这并不需要特别补充，只要从日常的鱼、肉、蛋等食物中合理摄取就够了。&#160; <br /> 五、不宜过度咸食&#160; <br /> 有些孕妇由于饮食习惯嗜好咸食，尤其是北方居民较严重，多咸食。现代医学研究认为，吃盐量与高血压率发病有一定关系，食盐摄人越多，高血压病的发病率也越高。众所周知，妊娠高血压综合症是妇女在孕期才会发病的一种特殊疾病，其主要症状为浮肿、高血压和蛋白尿、严重者可伴有头痛、眼花、胸闷、晕眩等自觉症状，甚至发生子痫而危及母婴安康。因此，孕妇过度咸食，容易引发妊娠高血压综合征。为了孕期保健，专家建议每日食盐摄入量应为6克左右。&#160; <br /> 六、不宜酸性饮食    <br /> 孕泪在妊娠早期可出现择食、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐等早孕症状，不少人嗜好酸性饮食。然而，联邦德国有关科学家研究发现，妊娠早期的胎儿酸度低，母体摄入的酸性药物或其它酸性物质，容易大量聚积于胎儿组织中，影响胚胎细胞的正常分裂增殖与发育生长，并易诱发遗传物质突变，导致胎儿畸形发育。妊娠后期，由于胎儿日趋发育成熟，其组织细胞内的酸碱度与母体相接近，受影响的危害性相应小些。因此，孕妇在妊娠初期大约2周时间内，不要服用酸性药物和酸性食物、酸性饮料等。&#160; <br /> 七、不宜滥服温热补品&#160; <br /> 孕妇由于周身的血液循环系统血流量明显增加，心脏负担加重，子宫颈、阴道壁和输卵管等部位的血管也处于扩张、充血状态。加上孕妇内分泌功能旺盛，分泌的醛固醇增加，容易导致水、钠潴留而产生水肿、高血压等病症。再者，孕妇由于胃酸分泌量减少，胃肠道功能减弱，会出现食欲不振、胃部胀气便秘等现象。在这种情况下，如果孕妇经常服用温热性的补药、补品，比如人参、鹿茸、鹿胎胶、鹿角胶、桂圆、荔枝、胡桃肉等，势必导致阴虚阳亢，困气机失调，气盛阴耗、血热妄行、加剧孕吐、水肿、高血压、便秘等症状，甚至发生流产或死胎等。&#160; <br /> 八、不宜食用霉变食品&#160; <br /> 当孕妇食用了被霉菌毒素污染的农副产品和食品，不仅会发生急性或慢性食物中毒，甚至可殃及胎儿。因为在妊娠早期2一3个月，胚胎着床发育，胚体细胞正处高度增殖、分化阶段，由于霉菌毒素的侵害，使染色体断裂颤或畸变，有的停止发育而发生死胎、流产，有的产生遗传性疾病或胎儿畸形，如先天性心脏病、先天性愚型等。另一方面，在胎儿期，由于各器官功能不完善，特别是肝、肾的功能十分低弱，霉菌毒素都会对胎儿产生毒性作用，影响发育。大量医学研究资料证实，霉菌毒素是一种强致癌物质，可使母胎患肝癌、胃癌等癌症。此外，母体因食品中毒而发生昏迷、呕吐等症状，极不利胎儿的正常生长发育。&#160; <br /> 九、不宜长期素食&#160; <br /> 有些孕妇为了追求孕期的体态“健美”，或由于经济条件限制，长期素食，这不利胎儿发育。据研究认为，孕期不注意营养，由于蛋白质供给不足，可使胎儿脑细胞数且减少，影响日后的智力，还可使胎儿发生畸形或营养不良。如果脂肪摄人不足，容易导致低体重胎儿的出生，婴儿抵抗力低下，存活率较低。对于孕妇来说，也可能发生贫血，水肿和高血压。日本医学家研究发现，吃素食的妇女所生的婴儿，由于缺乏维生素B12，往往会患不可逆的脑损害，婴儿出生三个月后，就逐渐显示出感情淡漠，丧失控制头部稳定的能力，出现头和腕等不自主运动，如不及时治疗，就易引起巨幼细胞性贫血活显著的神经系统损害。&#160; <br /> 十、不宜喝刺激性饮料&#160; <br /> 医学研究证实，孕妇饮酒可使酒精通过胎盘进人胎儿体内，直接对胎儿产生毒害作用，不仅使胎儿发育缓慢，而且可造成某些器官的畸形与缺陷，如小头、小眼、下巴短、脑扁平窄小、身子短，甚至发生心脏和四肢的畸形。有的胎儿出生后则表现为智力迟钝、愚顽、易生病等，甚至造成后代终身病废。而孕妇饮浓茶，由于茶中含有大量的单宁，能和食物中的蛋白质结合，变成不溶解的单宁酸盐，而且可同食物其它营养成分凝集而沉淀，影响孕妇、胎儿对蛋白质、铁、维生素的吸收利用，进而发生营养不良。茶叶中还含有多量的鞣酸，有收敛作用，影响肠道的蠕动，易使孕妇发生便秘。孕妇多饮汽水，可造成体内缺铁而贫血，不利母胎。此外，孕妇不宜多喝冷饮，多吃凉食，以防胎动不安和孕妇发生腹痛腹泻。&#160; <br /> 十一、想要孩子忌饮“可乐”&#160; <br /> 美国哈佛大学医学院的科学家们，对目前出售的三种不同配方的可口可乐饮料，进行了杀伤精子的试验，得出的结论是，新婚男子饮用可乐型饮料，会直接伤害精子，影响男子的生育能力。若受损伤的精子一旦与卵子结合，可能会导致胎儿畸形或先天不足。    <br /> 医学家们将成活的精子加入到一定量的可乐饮料中，一分钟后测定精子的成活率。试验表明，新型配方的可乐饮料能杀死58％的精子，而早期配方的可乐型饮料可全部杀死精子。他们对新婚女子饮用可乐型饮料也提出了忠告，奉劝她们少饮或不饮为佳。因为多数可乐型饮料都含有咖啡因，它在体内很容易通过胎盘的吸收进入胎儿体内，危及胎儿的大脑、心脏等重要器官，同样会使胎儿致畸或患先天性痴呆。因此，专家门建议新婚夫妇以及想要孩子的夫妻，除应禁忌烟酒外，还不宜饮用可乐型饮料。    <br /> 十二、孕妇不宜营养过剩&#160; <br /> 孕妇适当地改善饮食，增加营养，可以增强孕妇体质，促进胎儿发育。但若营养过剩，危害非浅。单纯地追求营养，使营养过剩，结果孕妇出现血压偏高，胎儿过大 (超过3500克，成为巨大儿)。我国孕产妇死亡率为0.488‰，其主要原因是妊娠高血压引起的；另一原因是“巨大儿”造成的难产，分娩期延长，引起产后大出血。因此，孕妇不宜营养过剩。&#160; <br /> 十三、孕妇不宜只吃精制米面    <br /> 人体中含有氢、碳、氮、氧、磷、钙等ll种多量元素（占人体总重量的99.95％）， 还有铁、锰、钴、铜、锌、碘、钒、氟等14种微量元素（只占体重的0.01％）。这些元素虽然在体内的比重极小，但却是人体中必不可少的，一旦供应不足便可产生一系列疾病，甚至出现死亡。人体必需的微量元素，对孕妇、乳母和胎儿来说更需要，因为他们缺乏微量元素时会引起更严重的后果。人们在生活中注意不偏食，尤其是孕妇，尽可能以“完整食品”（指未经细加工过的食品，或经部分精制的食品）作为热量的主要来源。例如，少吃精制大米和精制面等。因为“完整食品”中含有人体所必须的各种微量元素（铬、锰、锌等）及维生素Ｂl、Ｂ6、Ｅ等，它们在精制加工过程中常常被损失掉，如果孕妇偏食精米、精面，则易患营养缺乏症。    <br /> 十四、孕妇不要过多喝茶    <br /> 孕妇如果喝茶太多、太浓，特别是饮用浓红茶，对胎儿会造成危害。茶叶中含有２～５％的咖啡因， 每500毫升浓红茶水大约含咖啡因0.06毫克，如果每日喝５杯浓茶， 就相当服用0.3～0.35毫克的咖啡因。咖啡因具有兴奋作用，服用过多会刺激胎动增加，甚至危害胎儿的生长发育。日本专家的调查也证实，孕妇若每天饮５杯浓红茶，就可能使新生儿体重减轻。此外，茶叶中还含有多量的鞣酸，鞣酸可与孕妇食物中的铁元素，结合成一种不能被机体吸收的复合物。孕妇如果过多地饮用浓茶，还有引起贫血的可能，也将给胎儿造成先天性缺铁性贫血的隐患。科学家们进行过多次对照试验。用三氯化铁溶液作为铁质来源给人服用，发现饮白开水者铁的吸收率为21.7％，而饮浓茶水者，铁的吸收率仅为6.2％。 因此，孕期的妇女最好不要饮茶或饮少量淡茶为宜。    <br /> 十五、孕妇忌喝烈性酒    <br /> 据美国的统计数字，因母亲怀孕期间饮酒而造成婴儿畸形，每年大约有５万人。医生将这种因孕妇饮酒给胎儿造成的严重损害，称为胎儿酒精综合征。据调查，在美国所有的智力迟钝者当中，胎儿酒精综合征就占了20％，因而成为威胁美国儿童智力发育的第一位疾病。胎儿酒精综合征对婴儿的损害非常大。因为，酒精不像巴比妥类和鸦片类药物那样，只影响中枢神经的发育，它对身体任何部位的组织细胞都能造成损害，从而引起发育迟缓，颜面畸形，智能低下等严重后果。由于怀孕最初３个月，正是胎儿形成的重要阶段，这时饮酒，对胎儿的损害特别严重。整个孕期都贯穿了胎儿大脑的发育过程，胎儿生长的高峰是在妊娠的６个月以后，这时如继续饮酒，将会给胎儿带来更严重的损害。在妊娠初期的１～２个月，孕妇即使少量饮用一些含酒精饮料，也会影响胎儿发育及出生后的智力。因此，孕妇不要喝烈性酒，最好是其它酒也不喝。育龄妇女在孕前有饮酒习惯者，如在计划怀孕前就停止饮酒，其所生的子女可免遭酒精的危害。    <br /> 十六、孕妇不宜多吃菠菜    <br /> 90年前，由于印刷上的错误，把菠菜含铁量的小数点右移了一位数，从此人们一直都认为菠菜含有大量的铁，具有补血功能，把菠菜当做孕妇、儿童、病人理想的补血食品。其实，菠菜中铁的含量并不多，其主要成分是草酸，而草酸对锌、钙有着不可低估的破坏作用。锌和钙是人体不可缺少的微量元素，如果人体缺锌，人就会感到食欲不振、味觉下降；儿童一旦缺钙，有可能发生佝偻病，出现鸡胸、罗圈腿以及牙齿生长迟缓等现象。如果孕妇过多食用菠菜，无疑对胎儿发育不利。    <br /> 十七、孕妇不宜多吃油条&#160; <br /> 在美国长岛地区，长期流行着一种震颤麻痹性神经系统疾病，后经过科学家试验，发现当地土壤中含铝的成分高得惊人。又有人用含铝高的饲料喂养动物或直接把铝注入猫的脑内，结果这些动物都变成了痴呆。也有科学家解剖了一些因痴呆而死亡的病人，同样发现其大脑中含有高浓度的铝元素，最高者可达正常人的30倍以上。由此判断铝的超量对人的大脑是极为不利的。在油条的制作时，须加入一定量明矾，而明矾正是一种含铝的无机物。炸油条时，每500克面粉就要用15克明矾，也就是说，如果孕妇每天吃两根油条，就等于吃了３克明矾，这样天天积蓄起来，其摄入的铝相当惊人了。这些明矾中含的铝通过胎盘，侵入胎儿的大脑，会使其形成大脑障碍，增加痴呆儿的机率。&#160; <br /> 十八、孕妇不宜吃桂圆    <br /> 桂圆中含有葡萄糖、维生素、蔗糖等物质，营养丰富，有补心安神、养血益脾之效。但性温大热，一切阴虚内热体质及患热性病者均不宜食用。妇女怀孕后，阴血偏虚，阴虚则滋生内热，因此孕妇往往有大便干燥、口干而胎热、肝经郁热的症侯。我国医学一贯主张胎前宜清热凉血，桂圆性甘温，如孕妇食用桂圆，不仅不能保胎，反而易出现漏红、腹痛等先兆流产症状。因此，孕妇是不宜吃桂圆的。    <br /> 十九、孕妇不宜吃热性香料    <br /> 八角茴香、小茴香、花椒、胡椒、桂皮、五香粉、辣椒等热性香料都是调味品，但孕妇食用这些热性香料则不适宜。妇女怀孕，体温相应增高，肠道也较干燥。而热性香料其性大热且具有刺激性，很容易消耗肠道水分，使胃肠腺体分泌减少，造成肠道干燥、便秘或粪石梗阻。肠道发生秘结后，孕妇必然用力屏气解便，这样就引起腹压增大，压迫子宫内的胎儿，易造成胎动不安、胎儿发育畸形、羊水早破、自然流产、早产等不良后果。所以，孕妇不宜吃热性香料。    <br /> 二十、孕妇不要多吃冷饮    <br /> 孕妇在怀孕期，胃肠对冷的刺激非常敏感。多吃冷饮能使胃肠血管突然收缩，胃液分泌减少，消化功能降低，从而引起食欲不振、消化不良、腹泻，甚至引起胃部痉挛，出现剧烈腹痛现象。孕妇的鼻、咽、气管等呼吸道粘膜往往充血并伴有水肿，如果大量贪食冷饮，充血的血管突然收缩，血液减少，可致局部抵抗力降低，使潜伏在咽喉、气管、鼻腔、口腔里的细菌与病毒乘机而人，引起嗓子痛哑、咳嗽、头痛等。严重时能引起上呼吸道感染或诱发扁桃体炎。有人发现，胎儿对冷的刺激也极敏感，当孕妇喝冷饮时，胎儿会在子宫内躁动不安，胎动变得频繁。因此，孕妇吃冷饮一定要有所节制。    <br /> 二十一、孕妇不要喝咖啡    <br /> 对正常人来说，偶尔喝杯咖啡换换口味未尝不可，况且咖啡可以提神醒脑、减轻疲劳感。但是长期过量饮用，大多数人会患失眠症，并可增加胰腺癌的发病率。长期饮用咖啡，还可使心跳节律加快，血压升高，并易患心脏病。咖啡中的咖啡碱，还有破坏维生素Ｂ1的作用，以致缺乏， 出现烦躁、容易疲劳、记忆力减退、食欲下降及便秘等；严重的可发生神经组织损伤（如多发性神经炎）、心脏损伤（心脏扩大，心跳减慢）、肌肉组织损伤（萎缩）及浮肿。对于怀孕妇女来说，如果嗜好咖啡，为害更甚。欧洲有关孕妇服用过量咖啡导致胎儿损伤甚至流产的病例不胜枚举。经过研究，专家们认为，每天喝８杯以上咖啡的孕妇，她们生产的婴儿没有正常婴儿活泼，肌肉发育也不够健壮。因此，孕妇不要喝咖啡。    <br /> 二十二、孕妇不宜多吃山楂    <br /> 大部分妇女怀孕后有妊娠反应，而且爱吃酸甜之类的东西。但要注意的是山楂果及其制品，孕妇以不吃为宜。现代医学临床证实：山楂对妇女子宫有收缩作用，如果孕妇大量食用山楂食品，就会刺激子宫收缩，甚至导致流产。因此，孕妇多吃山楂是不适宜的。    <br /> 二十三、孕妇不宜摄入过多鱼肝油和含钙食品    <br /> 有些孕妇为了使胎儿健康活泼，盲目地大量服用鱼肝油和钙质食品。这样对体内胎儿的生长是很不利的。因为长期大量食用鱼肝油和钙质食品，会引起食欲减退、皮肤发痒、毛发脱落、感觉过敏、眼球突出，血中凝血酶原不足及维生素Ｃ代谢障碍等。同时，血中钙浓度过高，会出现肌肉软弱无力、呕吐和心律失常等，这些对胎儿生长都是没有好处的。有的胎儿生下时已萌出牙齿，一个可能是由于婴儿早熟的缘故；另一个可能是由于孕妇在妊娠期间，大量服用维生素Ａ和钙制剂或含钙质的食品，使胎儿的牙滤泡在宫内过早钙化而萌出。因此，孕妇不要随意服用大量鱼肝油和钙制剂。如果因治病需要，应按医嘱服用。    <br /> 二十四、孕妇忌食用过敏食物    <br /> 众所周知，吸烟、喝酒、滥用药物对胎儿的危害很大。而孕妇食用过敏食物对胎儿发育的影响尚未引起人们的重视。事实上，孕妇食用过敏食物不仅能流产、早产、导致胎儿畸形，还可致婴儿多种疾病。    <br /> 据美国学者研究发现，约有50％的食物对人体有致敏作用，只不过有隐性和显性之分。有过敏体质的孕妇可能对某些食物过敏，这些过敏食物经消化吸收后，可从胎盘进入胎儿血液循环中，妨碍胎儿的生长发育，或直接损害某些器官，如肺、支气管等，从而导致胎儿畸形或罹患疾病。因此，可从下面五个方面进行预防：    <br /> (l) 以往吃某些食物发生过过敏现象，在怀孕期间应禁止食用。    <br /> (2) 不要吃过去从未吃过的食物，或霉变食物。    <br /> (3) 在食用某些食物后如发生全身发痒、出荨麻疹或心慌、气喘、或腹痛、腹泻等现象，应考虑到食物过敏，立即停止食用这些食物。    <br /> (4) 不吃易过敏的食物，如海产鱼、虾、蟹、贝壳类食物及辛辣刺激性食物。    <br /> (5) 食用异性蛋白类食物，如动物肉、肝、肾，蛋类，奶类，鱼类应烧熟煮透。&#160; <br /> 二十五、孕妇不要过量吸取维他命A&#160; <br /> 孕妇摄取太多的维他命A，会导致早产和胎儿发育不健全，所以每日只可摄取 400-1250微克的维他命A，其中猪肝含极丰富维他命A，孕妇切忌过量进食。</p>
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		<title>Wassit-Plant</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/07/20/wassit-plant/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2009 09:28:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>pianoer</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[Wassit-Plant
March 14, 2007 - 08:46:49
Wassit-Plant   Chinese company to set up power plant in Wassit    By Adel Subhi    Kut, March 14, (VOI)- A Chinese company is to set up a power plant with a design capacity of 1,320 MW in north of Kut, 180 km southeast of Baghdad, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Wassit-Plant</h3>
<p>March 14, 2007 - 08:46:49</p>
<p>Wassit-Plant   <br />Chinese company to set up power plant in Wassit    <br />By Adel Subhi    <br />Kut, March 14, (VOI)- A Chinese company is to set up a power plant with a design capacity of 1,320 MW in north of Kut, 180 km southeast of Baghdad, at cost of $750 million, a source at Wassit electricity department said on Wednesday.    <br />“The electricity ministry will sign a $750 million contract with Shanghai Electric to set up a power plant in Wassit,” the source, who asked not to be named, told the independent news agency Voices of Iraq (VOI).    <br />He added “the Chinese company had earlier voiced concern over the security situation in the country and accordingly the contract cost was raised up to $750 million.”    <br />The design capacity of the plant, al-Zubaidiyah, is 1,320 MW that would contribute to improve the electricity in Wassit province, the source added.    <br />“The power plant will rely, in operation, on crude oil coming from the Ahdab oil field, just 50 km away from the location chosen for the plant,” he said.    <br />Iraqi electricity minister Karim Wahid met early this week with the commercial attachÃ© at the Chinese embassy in Baghdad and urged him to speed up the implementation of al-Zubaidiyah power plant in north of Kut.    <br />Iraq is suffering from a severe shortage of electricity supply with population in all Iraqi provinces did not have electricity on for more than 14 hours a day.    <br />Kut is capital city of Wassit province. </p>
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		<title>USAID Electricity</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/07/20/usaid-electricity/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2009 09:25:32 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Electricity
Expanding Access to Electricity
In 2002 Baghdad had access to electricity on a near continuous basis while the rest of Iraq was limited to 3 to 6 hours daily. The U.S. government has made significant progress in improving electricity supply in Iraq and distributing it more equitably throughout the country. USAID recently completed its three-year, $2.3 [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h4>Electricity</h4>
<h6>Expanding Access to Electricity</h6>
<p><i>In 2002 Baghdad had access to electricity on a near continuous basis while the rest of Iraq was limited to 3 to 6 hours daily. The U.S. government has made significant progress in improving electricity supply in Iraq and distributing it more equitably throughout the country. USAID recently completed its three-year, $2.3 billion Iraq Infrastructure Reconstruction Program. Through its overall program, USAID has added 1,292 megawatts of electric generating capacity to Iraq&#8217;s power grid, serving over 7 million Iraqis.</i></p>
<h6>Expanding Access to Electricity</h6>
<p>Restoring and improving Iraq&#8217;s electricity supply has been USAID&#8217;s biggest and most costly challenge. In April 2003, Iraq&#8217;s usable electrical generation capacity was 2,500 MW - 58 percent of the pre-conflict level. Before the conflict, access to power was unreliable and varied greatly throughout the country. USAID worked to restore electricity to homes, public facilities, and business throughout Iraq.</p>
<p>USAID has helped increase electrical generation to an average daily peak of approximately 4,500 MW. However, estimated total demand in Iraq is 8,500 MW and the looting of cables, destruction of hightension towers, and sabotage of fuel lines persist. Decades of operation without regular maintenance have resulted in increased breakdown and a need for significant rehabilitation. </p>
<h6>ACCOMPLISHMENTS</h6>
<ul>
<li>Repaired thermal units, replaced/ added turbines, rehabilitated the transmission network, and installed and restored generators. </li>
<li>USAID has rehabilitated or added 1,292 MW of generation capacity, through new generation, maintenance and rehabilitation work, to the grid through 42 projects, supplying power to approx 8.5 million people. </li>
<li>Repaired the 400 KV Khor az Zubayr-Nasiriyah transmission line. </li>
<li>USAID and partners rehabilitated or constructed 25 distribution substations in Baghdad to improve the distribution and reliability of electricity for more than two million residents. </li>
<li>Over 240 Ministry of Electricity officials, plant managers, and engineers underwent USAID training to properly operate and maintain the power plants. </li>
</ul>
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		<title>Iraq Electricity, By the Numbers</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/07/20/iraq-electricity-by-the-numbers/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2009 09:24:03 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[The data


   
Source: The Brookings Institute
BY Sally Adee // July 2008 
It’s July in Iraq, and that means temperatures nearing 54 °C, ­combined with a maddening talc-like silt that invades eyes and teeth. The air-­conditioning works for only about 10 hours a day; in Baghdad province, that number is closer to six.

Source: The [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The data</p>
<p>
<p><b></b></p>
<p>   <img src="http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/image/49004" /></p>
<p>Source: The Brookings Institute</p>
<p><strong>BY</strong> Sally Adee // July 2008 </p>
<p>It’s July in Iraq, and that means temperatures nearing 54 °C, ­combined with a maddening talc-like silt that invades eyes and teeth. The air-­conditioning works for only about 10 hours a day; in Baghdad province, that number is closer to six.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/images/jul08/images/data01.gif" /></p>
<p>Source: The Brookings Institute</p>
<p>The United States has spent US $4.3 billion to help Iraq’s Ministry of Electricity fix the country’s power grid, by resurrecting old plants and ­bringing new ones on line. Nevertheless, the average daily power availability has hardly increased.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/images/jul08/images/data02.gif" /></p>
<p>Source: The Brookings Institute</p>
<p>In 2005, 173 generating units at 35 power plants were able to reliably produce about 5000 megawatts at peak periods. Another 13 power plants and 262 units later, Iraq still has not reached 6000 MW, the stated goal for 2004.</p>
<p>What’s the problem? Insurgent attacks on the electrical grid and a failure of the provincial authorities to cooperate. An electrical grid needs to be balanced: ­generation needs to keep up with the load, otherwise voltage and frequency will decline. The ministry sheds the load with rolling blackouts.</p>
<p>If provinces shared the load properly, even in midsummer, every ­province could have as much as 10 hours a day of electricity. But some provinces simply take as much as they can at any given time. The result: more blackouts and more downtime for the already beleaguered electrical system. Attacks on personnel have also chilled progress. In early May, Hassan Kadhum Aziz, the Ministry of Electricity’s distribution directorate’s advisor, was assassinated.</p>
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		<title>Iraq&#8217;s Minister of Electricity Urges U.S. Companies to Bid on Iraq Projects</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/07/20/iraqs-minister-of-electricity-urges-us-companies-to-bid-on-iraq-projects/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2009 08:51:31 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#160;
Washington, DC – December 10, 2007

Iraq’s Minister of Electricity, Dr. Karim W. Hasan, is urging U.S. companies to participate in the reconstruction of Iraq’s electricity sector by bidding on Ministry of Electricity projects. “We have the money, the manpower, and the fuel, but we need the material and the supervision”, Minister Karim said today at [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#160;</p>
<p><i>Washington, DC – December 10, 2007</i></p>
<p><img height="99" src="http://www.trade.gov/wcm/groups/internet/documents/web_content/~export/DOC_TG_Iraq2007~2~doc_tg_centercontent/34709-1.jpg" width="270" border="0" /></p>
<p>Iraq’s Minister of Electricity, Dr. Karim W. Hasan, is urging U.S. companies to participate in the reconstruction of Iraq’s electricity sector by bidding on Ministry of Electricity projects. “We have the money, the manpower, and the fuel, but we need the material and the supervision”, Minister Karim said today at the U.S. Energy Association’s offices in Washington, DC. “I am here to urge U.S. companies to participate in Iraqi reconstruction”, said Minister Karim. The Ministry of Electricity plans to spend $27 billion from now to 2016 to build new generation and transmission capacity, as well as rehabilitate existing plants and equipment, in order to fill the 4,000 MW gap between current capacity and projected demand. In 2009 alone, the Ministry is seeking participation in projects for 2,260 MW of new generation capacity, and the rehabilitation of an additional 960 MW. Iraq also has bigger plans for its electrical system and is working with the Gulf Cooperation Council on long-term plans to serve as a conduit for off-season (winter) export of excess power to European markets (via Turkey) and with the World Bank on a new regulatory scheme that would permit the move from an exclusively publicly-owned system, to a privately owned system.   <br />In the near-term, however, the Minister emphasized the urgent need for U.S. companies to bid on current projects. The Ministry is posting these projects on its website: <a href="http://www.moelc.gov.iq/">http://www.moelc.gov.iq/</a> (click on “Tenders” on the right side). Minister Karim also emphasized the readiness of his staff to engage with companies who have questions about these projects: “Companies will have no difficulties in finding out any specifications of any tender,” Minister Karim promised. Email addresses at the relevant directorates are almost always included in Ministry of Electricity tender announcements. The Ministry is also working with its partners at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad to further streamline and improve the tendering process. Minister Karim subsequently spoke at the PowerGen show in New Orleans on Thursday, December 13. Refer to Minister Karim’s powerpoint presentation, “<a href="http://www.trade.gov/static/Karim_PowerGenPres_Dec07_pdf.pdf">Conquering Disaster: Iraq’s Electricity Story</a>” for more information.    <br />U.S. companies interested in bidding on Ministry of Electricity tenders must first either register their company directly with Iraq’s Ministry of Trade (<a href="http://www.trade.gov/">http://www.br-iraq.com/</a>) or partner with a local firm for their bidding. For help on either process, or to find out more about doing business in Iraq in general and with the Ministry of Electricity in particular, information is available on this webiste and at <a href="http://www.buyusa.gov/iraq">http://www.buyusa.gov/iraq</a> or contact us directly at: IraqInfo@mail.doc.gov or 1-866-352-IRAQ. </p>
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		<title>每日网摘 07/08/2009</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/07/08/%e6%af%8f%e6%97%a5%e7%bd%91%e6%91%98-07082009/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2009 00:30:23 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[

JSW Companies &#124; JSW Energy Ltd.
tags: jsw, india

JSW Energy Ratnagiri &#124; A JSW Initiative
tags: jsw, Ratnagiri

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<p class='diigo-link'><a rel='nofollow' href='http://www.jsw.in/companies/company_JSWEnergy.shtml'>JSW Companies | JSW Energy Ltd.</a></p>
<p class='diigo-tags'><a href='http://www.diigo.com/cloud/pianoer'>tags</a>: <a href='http://www.diigo.com/user/pianoer/jsw'>jsw</a>, <a href='http://www.diigo.com/user/pianoer/india'>india</a></p>
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<p class='diigo-link'><a rel='nofollow' href='http://www.jsw.in/organization/jsw_energy_ratnagiri.shtml'>JSW Energy Ratnagiri | A JSW Initiative</a></p>
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		<title>每日网摘 07/03/2009</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/07/03/%e6%af%8f%e6%97%a5%e7%bd%91%e6%91%98-07032009/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2009 00:30:41 +0000</pubDate>
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Reliance集团
tags: reliance, india

Steel Guru : Chinese power equipment gain major grounds in India
tags: power, china, india

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<p class='diigo-link'><a rel='nofollow' href='http://intl.ce.cn/gjzx/yz/india/gsx/200705/24/t20070524_11481044.shtml'>Reliance集团</a></p>
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		<title>每日网摘 07/02/2009</title>
		<link>http://fansfan.72pines.com/2009/07/02/%e6%af%8f%e6%97%a5%e7%bd%91%e6%91%98-07022009/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 00:30:36 +0000</pubDate>
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World Bank to support Haryana power projects
tags: haryana, india

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